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"NEWDIGATE FINE" 



BY 



W. T. R. MARVIN, L. H. D. 




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THE NEWDIGATE FINE 



BY 



Wi 't. R. MARVIN, LiTT. D. 



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COPYRIGHT, I914 

GEO. R. MARVIN 

BOSTON, MASS. 




SIXTY COPIES 

REPRINTED FROM THE PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE BOSTONIAN SOCIETY 



ftB 28 19)4 



©CU36 9175 



FOREWORD 



This paper was prepared by Dr. Marvin at a time 
when he knew that in all probability he would be 
unable to read it before the Society. It was completed 
only a few weeks before his death. 

With no previous experience in such transcription, 
with failing sight and strength, Dr. Marvin spent hours 
in patient and painstaking study, and finally arrived at 
a practically complete and substantially accurate trans- 
lation. Being obliged to work from a photographic 
copy of the original which is too cumbersome to handle, 
and being confined to his home, he was limited in his 
resources, and therefore there were certain omissions 
and errors in his translation which he was unable to 
correct. Through the courtesy of Mr. Frederick L. 
Gay, of Brookline, a member of the Society, the paper 
was sent to a professional scrivener in London, who 
has revised and completed the transcriptions and trans- 
lation. 

As the article is now printed it is accordingly the 
work of Dr. Marvin, checked and corrected by a com- 
petent authority. The result is an accurate deciphering 
of one of the most interesting legal documents in the 
country. • 



THE NEWDIGATE FINE 



BY 



W. T. R. MARVIN. UTT. D. 




)MONG the collections relating to the 
history and antiquities of Boston in 
the possession of our Society, is a 
curious old document, framed, written 
on parchment, twenty-seven inches 
wide and twenty-one deep, to which 
is attached a large seal, four inches in diameter, with 
the Royal Arms. In the upper left corner is a portrait 
of King James the Second, of England, adorned with 
elaborate pen and scroll-work, his title, in large Old 
Enghsh letters, running across the top, with a very 
ornate border of foliage above, animals of wondrous 
form, etc., conventionally drawn after the fashion of the 
times, and a much simpler border at the sides. Similar 



6 The Newdigate Fine 

parchment blanks were evidently a part of the usual 
stock in trade of the law-stationers and scriveners of 
the period ; they served to furnish a suitable heading or 
prefatory page for documents deemed of more than 
ordinary importance. The location of the shop of the 
stationer from whom this was purchased appears in a 
line of small script, below a threatening dragon, near 
the lower part of the border, and reads, " Sold in Clif- 
fords Inne Lane." 

The language in which this document is written is 
the peculiar Latin used in the Courts of the time ; as 
engrossed, it is full of contractions, — conventional 
abbreviations, in the custom of the professional scriv- 
eners (then a body of much importance), and in the 
style of penmanship which they affected, — many of 
the letters, especially the capitals, being entirely unlike 
those in business use. How the ordinary layman, when 
handed such a document by his counsel, could discover 
its meaning without an interpreter, is a mystery. It 
was doubtless the difficulty of deciphering this manu- 
script, when not only the mode of procedure under which 
it was drawn, but the language in which it was written, 
— the old "law-Latin, flavored with Norman French," — 
had passed almost entirely from use at the bar, that led 
to the misstatements as to what it really was when it 
was presented to the Bostonian Society. Perhaps we 
cannot do better than reprint the description as it 
appeared in the Society's Catalogue of its possessions. 



The Newdigate Fine 7 

Nathaniel Newdigate's " Fine," or grant of land at 
Rumney Marsh, June 15 ; recorded Dec. 21, 1687, "for his 
Majesty, James II's territory and dominion of New England;" 
given by Governor Andros to replace the deed declared void 
after the overthrow of the first charter of the Massachusetts 
Bay Colony ; an original deed, beginning, " Jacobus Secun 
dus," written in black-letter on a sheet containing the por- 
trait of the King, printed in scroll-work, and a border of 
animals, with the written words, " Sold at Clifford's Inn 
Lane ; " at the bottom, the signature of the King and an 
impression of the Great Seal in wax ; probably the only such 
original conveyance in America. Given by William W. 
Greenough. 

The numerous errors in the foregoing (some of which 
were pointed out by Judge Mellen Chamberlain in the 
first volume of his " History of Chelsea ")* cannot justly 
be attributed to Mr. Greenough, but must have origi- 
nated in the attempt of some inexperienced person to 
preserve the traditions concerning this interesting docu- 
ment, when it was given to the Society. It is correctly 
called " Nathaniel Newdigate's Fine." The " grant of 
land " (so-called, but improperly, according to an old 



* " This document, the text of which is in Latin, and the script old 
style and very ornate, seems to have been incorrectly labelled and 
catalogued. The seal attached is neither the private seal of Andros, 
.... or the seal of New England .... All but the first page is missing ; 
it appears to be the judgment or fine of the Court of Common Pleas 
at Westminster, England, in a common recovery to bar the entail." 
(Vol. I., footnote p. 80). 



8 The Newdigate Fine 

authority), was not "given by Governor Andros to 
replace the deed declared void, etc.," but came from 
the Court of King's Bench at Westminster, and has 
the official signature of the King, probably not an auto- 
graph, but placed there by the proper Court officer (the 
official chirographer who also signs), and the special 
Royal seal set apart to be used for such purposes, which 
must have been attached in London. 

The story that it was given by Andros to replace 
an earlier deed, probably grew out of one of the well- 
remembered slurs on the early Indian grants to the 
Colonists. When the haughty Royal Governor declared 
that those old deeds were worth no more than the 
scratch of a bear's paw, the alternative to the propri- 
etors was resistance to Andros, or petitioning for new 
deeds. 

" Nathaniel Newgate, owner of the great Newgate 
farm at Rumney Marsh .... was among the first to 
perfect his title by petition* .... June i, 1687, an 
Indenture was signed between Nathaniell Newdigate 
alias Newgate of London, merchant, and John Shelton 
and Nicholas Brattle, also of London, according to 
which Newgate agreed to levy a ' ffine sur Conusans de 
droit come ceo &c.' during 'this p''sent Trinity Term' 
in the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster for his 
lands in Charlestown .... unto said Shelton and Brattle, 

* Chamberlain, History of Chelsea, I, pp. 79, 167, 168. 



The Newdigate Fine 9 

said fine to enure to the use of said * Nathaniell Newdi- 
gate alias Newgate his heires and Assignes for ever and 
to and for none other vse intent or purpose whatsoever.' 
The first page of the fine levied in pursuance of this 
agreement hangs on the walls of the Bostonian Society's 
rooms in the Old State House. 

" Both the indenture and the fine were recorded ' by 
John West, D. Secry ' in the ' Secrys Office for his 
Maties Territory and Dominion of New England att 
Boston,' December 21, 1687 .... It is known that New- 
gate was in Boston as early as November 15, 1687, and 
was desirous of selling the farm. Possibly he hoped 
that the court's judgment would strengthen his title to 
resist attack by the Andros government." * 

A layman, unskilled in the law of England as prac- 
ticed three centuries ago, might well suppose that this 
Fine with its ornate heading, its pompous array of royal 
titles, and its great seal attached at its foot, was the 
original document complete as we have it ; but an 
examination shows that it has no signatures of the 
parties concerned, whereas William Brown, an English 
authority, whose work on Fines, published in 1725, is 
mentioned below, says, "The Cognizor must subscribe 



• " Mass. Archives, cxxix, 54, (autograph petition endorsed ' i6d July 
1688 — Pet of Nathll Newgate.') A deed or fine, as it was called, — 
the only original known to me, — .... Its date is 1687, June 15, and 
it was recorded .... but not with Suffolk Deeds, — possibly in a sepa- 
rate volume now lost." (Chamberlain, Footnote, p. 79.) 



lO The Newdigate Fine 

his name at the right hand side." From this and the 
wording of the document it would appear that this 
manuscript is what is technically known as the Chiro- 
graph of a Fine, that is, an official copy attested by the 
royal seal, issued in duplicate to the parties to the con- 
veyance it embodies, and retained by one of them. 
Judge Chamberlain was therefore partly correct when 
he said it was only the first page of a conveyance, and 
the rest lost. 

The Judge remarks that it is " the only original known 
to him." We know of no other Chirograph of a Fine in 
this country, but have been informed that there are 
fragments of Fines in other Libraries, which have not 
been translated, so far as we are able to discover. 

At the time when Fines were in use, the word had 
various significations, and was not confined to penalty, 
as one might naturally suppose. In seeking informa- 
tion concerning the subject, the better to discover what 
our mysterious document had to reveal, I have con- 
sulted several ancient legal authorities of the seventeenth 
and eighteenth centuries who have written on Fines. 
One of the most enlightening of those I found is in the 
Library of the Harvard Law School, — a volume which 
once belonged to William Read, Esq., a prominent Bos- 
ton attorney in his day. It is entitled, " The Law and 
Practice of Fines and Recoveries, by R. Manby, late of 
Lincoln's Inn, Gent. London, 1738." From this au- 
thority, and one or two smaller works of later date, I 





„,,„„, SEAL OF THE K.NG.S BENCH, WESTMINSTER 

Affixed to the •■ Newdigate Fine 



The Newdigate Fine 1 1 

have gleaned the material given below, for which I make 
this general acknowledgment. 

Fines were used for numerous purposes at various 
times, but we must confine ourselves to the particular 
style and use of the class to which this belongs. At 
the period when the Newdigate Fine was levied, a Fine 
was "an instrument of Record (improperly called a 
deed) of an amicable composition or final agreement 
made in a formal fictitious suit betwixt parties by their 
own consent, without real controversy, concerning Lands, 
Tenements, etc., by the consent or license of the King 

or his Justices in the Court of Common Pleas It 

is called a Fine (Latin Fhiis), because it makes a final 
agreement and end of all controversies," " It supposes 
a Litigation or Controversy to have been, where, in 
reality, there has been none, but only invented and made 
to secure the Title a Man has in his Estate against all 
Men, or to cut off Entails, etc." 

Fines were said to have six parts ; the first is the 
original writ and the precept containing the mandatory 
words to the Conusees to hold covenant with the Con- 
usors. The Conusee is the fictitious demandant, or 
claimant ; the Conusor is the fictitious defendant or 
" Deforciant," which position he voluntarily assumes. 
The Conusor levies the Fine. (Manby, p. lo). The 
" Conusance is an acknowledgment that the lands, etc., 
contained in the writ belong of right to the demandant, 
as land which he has of the gift of the Tenant, with a 



12 Tke Newdigate Fine 

general release and warranty to the Conusee and his 
heirs." The second part is that known as the "King's 
Silver," the fee paid when the permission to agree 
{licentia concordant) is granted by the Court. Third, 
the " Concord " or agreement between the parties. 
Fourth, the Note of the Fine — an abstract of the 
original writ, taken out by the chirographer. Fifth, the 
" Foot of the Fine," wherein are included the parties, 
the thing granted, the date, year and place, and before 
whom the " Concord " was made. It is called the Foot 
of the Fine because it is the last part. The sixth 
part consists of the "Proclamations," not an essential 
part, and needs no comment here. It is called a Fine, 
" finalis Concordia, quia finem litibus imponit" — i. e., 
because it puts an end to litigation. 

Before leaving this part of the subject, it will be 
interesting to note how easily some of these fictitious 
law-suits were nullified on occasion. Cruse (in Social 
Law Library), writing much later, says, " In later times 
the tenant calls on some other person, a fictitious char- 
acter, nominally supposed to have warranted the title, 
praying that he may be called in to defend it. This 
voucher — customarily the Cryer of the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas, appears in Court and assumes defence. 
Demandant asks leave of Court to confer in private 
with the voucher, which is granted. The demandant 
returns and the voucher disappears or is defaulted, and 
the demandant recovers." 



The Newdigate Fine 13 

As to the Latinity of this document, it was doubtless 
quite in accord with the standard practice of the times, 
but the chirographers and scriveners used so many con- 
tractions (as was the universal custom), abbreviations 
and quaint terminals, that only an expert was competent 
to explain to a layman just what meaning was intended. 
Of these this Fine seems to have its full share. As 
good an example of some of the simplest of these con- 
tractions as the writer can cite, will be found in the 
fourth and third words from the end of the first manu- 
script line of our original. The last character of each 
of the two closely resembles the Roman numeral 3 ; it 
indicates an e. The words, if written in full, would be 
literae nostrae, but the chirographer's quill has con- 
densed the seven letters in each into three characters 
each. Numerous similar contractions, some much more 
difficult to explain, occur throughout the document. 

It is evident that errors in grammar, as well as those 
growing out of indistinctness, in these contractions 
could not fail to occur. It was in recognition of this 
danger that a statute was enacted (as we learn from 
Cruse), in the reign of Queen Elizabeth (XXIII : c. 3 ; 
f . 2), which provided that " No Fine shall be reversed 
for false or incongruous Latin .... interlining .... or 
want of form in words and not in substance." With 
such a law on the statutes, no very high standard of 
accuracy — one might almost say of care — was to be 
expected. 



14 The Newdigate Fine 

These contractions constitute the chief difficulty in 
deciphering the document. Fortunately, in a complete 
copy of an original Fine, printed in Latin, in Manby, 
and in a Form for Levying a Fine, explaining its parts, 
etc., in a " Treatise on Fines by William Brown : E. & 
R. Nutt and R. Gossling, In the Surry, MDCCXXV," 
I was able to find a number of forms of expression 
corresponding to doubtful words in Newdigate, which 
proved very illuminating; indeed, without these, my 
labor which has occupied the greater part of my leisure 
for the last year, would have proved fruitless. 

It has seemed best to give not only the abbreviated 
form transcribed as nearly as type will follow the 
original but also the Latin words at length, without 
the contractions and abbreviations, as less confusing. 

With this long, but I hope not needless preliminary 
explanation, I submit my reading to the charitable con- 
sideration of my fellow-members. 




The Newdigate Fine 15 



CHIROGRAPH OF A FINE 



The Transcript 

Transcription of the Latin as Abbreviated in the 
Original. The Scrivener's Signs of Contraction 
are Necessarily Omitted. The Ends of the Manu- 
script Lines are Indicated by Numbers in Paren- 
theses. 

Jacobus Secundus Dei gra Angl' Scocie ffranc' & 
Hibnie Rex fidei defensor &c. omibz ad quos p'sentes 
Ire nre pven'int Saltm (i) sciat' qd int' Recorda ac 
pedes finiu' cum pclam' inde fcis scdm formam Statuti 
in huiusmodi casu nup' edit' & (2) pvis' coram Justic' 
nris d' Banco apud Westm' d' t'mio See Trinitatis Anno 
regni nri t'cio continet"" sic : (3) London// Hec est 
finalis Concordia fca in Cur' Dni Regis apud Westm' a 
die See Trinitatis in tres septiman' regnoq [interlined] 
Dni (4) Jacobi scdi dei gra Angl' Scocie ffranc' & Hibnie 
Regis fidei defens' &c. a conqu' t'cio Coram Edwardo (5) 
Herbert Thoma Street Edwardo Lutwich & Cristofero 



1 6 The Newdigate Fine 

Milton Justic' & alijs Dni Regis fidelibz tunc ibi' p'sen- 
tibz (6) int' Johem Shelton & Nichra Brattle quer' et 
Nathanielem Newdigate alias Newgate deforc' De (7) 
duobz mesuagijs vno horreo tribz stabulis duobz gardinis 
duobz pomar' trecentis & quinquaginta acris t're & coia 
pastur' p omibz av'ijs cum p'tin' in Charles (8) Towne 
Rumney alias Rumley marsh & hogg Island in New 
England in America in Civitate London vnde plitm con- 
vencois sum' fuit (9) int' eos in eadem Cur' Scilt qd 
p'dcus Nathaniel recogn' p'dca ten' & coiam pastur' cum 
p'tin' esse ius ipius Johis vt ill' que ijdem (10) Johes & 
Nichus hent de dono p'dci Nathanielis Et ill' remisit 
& quietclam' de se & hered' suis p'dcis Johi & Nicho & 
hered' (11) ipius Johis imppm Et p't'ea idem Nathaniel 
concessit p se & hered' suis qd ipi warant' p'dcis Johi & 
Nicho & hered' ipius Johis (12) p'dca ten' & coiam pas- 
tur' cum p'tin' cont' p'dcm Nathanielem & hered' suos 
imppm Et p hac recogn' remissione quietclam' warant' 
fine & (13) Concordia ijdem Johes & Nichus deder' p'dco 
Nathanieli ducentes libras sterlingor' in cuius rei testi- 
moniu' Sigillum nrm ad (14) Bria in Banco p'dco Sigil- 
land' deputaf p'sentibz apponi fecim^ T E. Herbert 
apud Westm' xv die Junij Anno r' n' supradco. 

Lane . • . 
Jrex. 



The Newdigate Fijie 17 

II 

The Extension 

Latin Version Without Contractions. The Ends of the 
Manuscript Lines in the Original are Indicated by 
Numbers in Parentheses. The Punctuation is partly 
supplied. 

Jacobus Secundus Dei gratia Anglie Scocie ffrancie 
et Hibernie Rex fidei defensor &c. omnibus ad quos 
presentes littere nostra pervenerint salutem : (i) Scia- 
tis quod inter Recorda ac pedes finium cum proclama- 
tionis inde factis secundem formara Statuti in huiusmodi 
casu nuper editi et (2) provisi coram Justiciarijs nostris 
de Banco apud Westmonasterium de Termino Sancte 
Trinitatis Anno regni nostri tertio continetur sic : (3) 
LONDON// Hec est finalis Concordia facta in Curia Domini 
Regis apud Westmonasterium a die Sancte Trinitatis 
in tres septimanas [regnoq interlined in very small 
letters] Domini (4) Jacobi Secundi dei gratia Anglie 
Scocie ffrancie et Hibernie Regis fidei defensoris &c. 
a conquestu tercio : Coram Edwardo Herbert Thoma 
Street Edwardo (5) Lutwich et Cristofero Milton Jus- 
ticiarijs et alijs Domini Regis fidelibus tunc ibidem pre- 
sentibus (6) inter Johannem Shelton et Nicholaum 
Brattle querentes et Nathanielem Newdigate alias New- 



1 8 The Newdigate Fine 

gate deforciantem De (7) duobus mesuagijs vno horreo 
tribus stabulis duobus gardinis duobus pomarijs trescen- 
tis et quinquaginta acris terre et communia pasture pro 
omnibus averijs cum pertinentibus in Charles (8) Towne 
Rumney alias Rumley marsh et hogg Island in New 
England in America in Civitate London : vnde placitum 
convencionis summonitum fuit (9) inter eos in eadem 
curia, Scilicet quod predictus Nathaniel recognovit pre- 
dicta tenementa et communiam pasture cum pertinenti- 
bus esse jus ipsius Johannis vt ilia que (10) ijdem Johan- 
nes et Nicholaus habent de dono predicti Nathanielis Et 
ilia remisit et quietclamavit de se et heredibus suis pre- 
dictis Johanni et Nicholao et heredibus (11) ipsius 
Johannis imperpetuum : Et preterea idem Nathaniel con- 
cessit pro se et heredibus suis quod ipsi warantizabunt 
predictis Johanni et Nicholao et heredibus ipsius Johan- 
nis (12) predicta tenementa et communia pasture cum 
pertinentibus contra predictum Nathanielem et heredes 
suos imperpetuum : Et pro hac recognicione remissione 
quietclamacione warantizacione fine et (13) concordia 
ijdem Johannes et Nicholaus dederunt predicto Nathan- 
iel! ducentas libras sterlingorum : in cujus rei testimo- 
nium Sigillum nostrum ad (14) Brevia in Banco predicto 
sigillandum deputatur presentibus apponi fecimus : Teste 
E. Herbert apud Westmonasterium xv die Junij Anno 
regni nostri supradicto. 

Lane . • . 
J[acobus] Rex. 



The Newdigate Fme 19 

III 

The Translation 

James Second, by the Grace of God King of England, 
Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, 
etc., TO ALL to whom [these] our present letters may 
come, Greeting. Know ye that among the records 
and Feet of Fines with the proclamations thereof made 
according to the form of the Statute in that case late 
enacted and provided, before our Justices in Banc at 
Westminster for the Term of Holy Trinity in the 
third year of our reign, it is contained as follows : 
LONDON// This is the Final Concord made in the 
court of our Lord the King at Westminster within 
three weeks from the day of the Holy Trinity, and of 
the reign [interlined] of our Lord James Second, by 
the Grace of God King of England, Scotland, France 
and Ireland, defender of the Faith, etc., the third from 
the conquest : Before Edward Herbert, Thomas Street, 
Edward Lutwyche, and Christopher Milton, Justices, 
and others faithful to our Lord the King then [and] 
there present, between John Shelton and Nicholas 
Brattle, plaintiffs, and Nathaniel Newdigate alias New- 
gate, deforciant, Concerning two messuages, one barn, 
three stables, two gardens, two orchards, three hundred 



20 The Newdigaie Fine 

and fifty acres of land and commonage of pasture for 
all animals with appurtenances [interlined] in Charles 
Town, Rumney alias Rumley Marsh and Hogg Island 
in New England in America, in the City of London. 
Whereof a plea of covenant was summoned between 
them in the same Court, Namely that the said Nathaniel 
admits the aforesaid tenements and commonage of pas- 
ture with their appurtenances to be the lawful estate 
of John himself, as those which they the said John and 
Nicholas hold by gift of the aforesaid Nathaniel, and 
which he has remised and quitclaimed from himself 
and his heirs to the aforesaid John and Nicholas and to 
the heirs of him the said John forever. And afterwards 
the said Nathaniel granted for himself and his heirs that 
they will warrant unto the aforesaid John and Nicholas 
and the heirs of him the said John, the aforesaid tene- 
ments and commonage of pasture, with their appurte- 
nances against the aforesaid Nathaniel and his heirs 
forever. And for this acknowledgement, remise, quit- 
claim, warranty, fine and concord, they the said John 
and Nicholas have given to the aforesaid Nathaniel two 
hundred pounds sterling. In witness whereof we have 
caused our Seal appointed for the ensealing of writs 
in the said Bench to be attached to these presents. 
Attest E. Herbert, at Westminster the XV day of 
June in the year of our reign abovesaid. 

Lane . • . 
J[ames], King. 



NOTES. 



Copies of Fines were required to be deposited at Westminster. 

" In America, in the City of London," represents a legal fiction 
without which the premises in question could not be dealt with in 
an English court of law. For the purpose of transfer by Fine all 
colonial property was supposed to be within the bounds of the 
City of London, just as, by a similar legal fiction, all sailors, and 
all children born of British parents at sea, are supposed to be 
natives of the parish of Stepney. The use of the assumption 
here is believed to be one of the earliest instances of its employ- 
ment known. 

The Christopher Milton who appears as one of the Justices 
was brother to John Milton, the poet. 

John Shelton was a citizen of London, and a saddler ; he 
seems to have been occasionally employed by Newgate as his 
attorney. Of Brattle, I have found no mention. Judge Cham- 
berlain gives an outline map of the property in his History of 
Chelsea, and a history of the family of Newgate, and its land- 
grants. 

The meaning of the words " From the Conquest " is obscure 
since James 11 acceded to the throne of England peacefully. 



22 Tlie Newdigate Fine 

Attached to the " fine " is the following genealogical note in 
the handwriting of Mr. William W. Greenough, " Nathaniel 
Newgate or Newdigate, who is the subject of this document, was 
grandson of the emigrant John Newgate, in 1632 of Boston, born 
in Southwark, near London Bridge, in 1580, and died in Boston 
in 1665. John, son of Nathaniel, was born in England, came to 
Boston, was member of the Artillery Company in 1645 ; was of 
London 1663. This son Nathaniel described himself 'as of the 
City of London at present (28th of November, 1688) sojourning 
in Boston.' At this time he conveyed his farm as Newgate's 
Farm, Rumney Marsh, to Col. Samuel Shrimpton, who also pur- 
chased Noddles Island (East Boston). His son, Samuel Shrimp- 
ton, Jr., married Elizabeth Richardson, whose only child married 
John Yeamans, whose family name exists in the third genera- 
tion. 

" After the death of her husband, Mrs. Elizabeth Shrimpton 
married David Stoddard of Boston, 27th of December, 17 13, and 
had by him, three daughters, Mary who married Rev. Dr. Charles 
Chauncy, Sarah who married Deacon Thomas Greenough, and 
Mehitable who married William Hyslop. 

" On the death of Shute Shrimpton Yeamans, these ladies 
inherited the property in Chelsea and East Boston, of which 
subsequently Rev. William Greenough of Newton became the 
principal owner of the Chelsea farm, and David L Greenough 
of Jamaica Plain, of East Boston. Full details of this family 
history may be found in Gen. William H. Sumner's History of 
East Boston." 



LIbHAH, Uh LuNLlNti:}? 




